Second Chance Illegal Immigrants Free Essays

Illegal Immigration has been a rising controversial problem among policy makers. There are 11 million immigrants that currently reside in the United States. They immigrated to this nation to seek a new life, a job, and a brighter future, but obtaining a citizenship won’t be on the same level as immigrating here. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Chance? Illegal Immigrants or any similar topic only for you Order Now One wrong step would lead them to deportation. I believe that illegal immigrants should be given a chance to become U. S. citizens. This is due to several reasons: (1) Families that have been previously separated by deportation can reunite. (2) Illegal Immigrants contribute to the economy. (3) Immigration is a human right. These reasons proves that illegal immigrants should be given a second chance. According to government records in 2011, approximately 200,000 parents has been deported from the United States because they did not have a citizenship. The government has teared many childrens from their parents and countless families apart. Childrens have been traumatized of this. These illegal immigrants should be given a second chance of obtaining a citizenship instead of staying deported because of traffic violations and other minor transgressions. One such case was when a Mexican immigrant named Felipe Montes was deported from North Carolina. He left behind three children and a wife. Eventually he won but he had to go to Mexico with them. This was all just because he had a bunch of traffic violations. Illegal Immigrants also contribute to the economy as well to the government. Offering to get paid low wages, the immigrants help companies compete with low priced products from other companies. By granting citizenship on the illegal immigrants, the tax revenue would also increase by 4. 5 billion dollars in a span of three years according to the Congressional Budget Office. This would be a big aid to the economy as well to the government. It would also as well increase the labor force as more people retire and this would benefit the economy preventing lack of labor force. Immigration should be a right inherited from humanity. Just as we are allowed to breath and eat, we should be allowed to immigrate. It should be a right entitled to us automatically to have freedom. The constitution says that all men should have freedom but this issue on illegal immigrants completely defies it. This law is not even based on if you have citizenship or not, it said all men. This is a reason why they should also not be deported. In conclusion, I believe that illegal immigrants should be given a chance to obtain a citizenship. It is unfair that they should be left out on the freedom that everyone should be entitled to. How to cite Second Chance? Illegal Immigrants, Papers

Victorian Age free essay sample

Even idleness is eager now, eager for amusement; prone to excursion-trains, artmuseums, periodical literature, and exciting novels. (George Eliot) General Info About the Time †¢ Enormous changes occurred in political and social life in England and the rest of the world †¢ The scientific and technical innovations of the Industrial Revolution, the emergence of modern nationalism, and the European colonization of much of Africa, the Middle East, and the Far East changed most of Europe †¢ Far-reaching new ideas created the greatest outpouring of literary production the world has ever seen A Time of Change †¢ London becomes most important city in Europe †¢ Population of London expands from two million to six million †¢ Shift from ownership of land to modern urban economy †¢ Impact of industrialism †¢ Increase in wealth †¢ World’s foremost imperial power †¢ Victorian people suffered from anxiety, a sense of being displaced persons in an age of technological advances. Queen Victoria (1819-1901) Reign: 1837-1901 †¢ The longest reign in British history †¢ Became queen at the age of 18; graceful and self-assured had a gift for drawing and painting †¢ Throughout her reign, she maintained a sense of dignity and decorum that estored the average person’s high opinion of the monarchy after a series of horrible, ineffective leaders †¢ 1840-Victoria married a German prince, Albert, who became not king, but Prince-consort †¢ After he died in 1861, she sank into a deep depression and wore black every day for the rest of her life The Growth of the British Empire †¢ England grew to become the greatest nation on earth †¢ Empire included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Kenya, and India †¢ England built a very large navy and merchant fleet (for trade and colonization) †¢ Imported raw materials such as cotton and silk nd exported finished goods to countries around the world †¢ By the mid-1800s, England was the largest exporter and importer of goods in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was the primary manufacturer of goods and the wealthiest country in the world †¢ Because of England’s success, they felt it was their duty to bring English values, laws, customs, and religion to the ? savage? races around the world The Early Victorian Period 1830-1848 †¢ In 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, the first public railway line in the world. †¢ By 1850, railway lines connected England’s major cities †¢ By 1900 , England had 15,195 lines of railroad and an nderground rail system beneath London. †¢ The train transformed England’s landscape, supported the growth of commerce, and shrank the distance between cities.

Physician Assisted Suicide Pros and Cons Essay Sample free essay sample

The inquiry is should incurable patients be able to perpetrate physician assisted self-destruction. and depending on which group you talk to the pros or cons they both have good developed statements as to which is right and which 1 is incorrect. Even though physician assisted self-destruction may assist patients with enfeebling conditions that medical specialty can non pull off. I am against it because self-destruction even for the terminally ailment is incorrect and with the appropriate attention like alleviative intervention it is an unneeded act. The theory that I believe to be the foundation of my beliefs is the deontological and the statement for the holiness of life. It is the simplest moral mentality on self-destruction. The holiness of life holds that it is incorrect because human life is sacred. Though this place is chiefly associated with the church or spiritual kingdom. Ronald Darrkin ( 1993 ) points out that atheists may besides happen entreaty to this claim every bit goo d. We will write a custom essay sample on Physician Assisted Suicide Pros and Cons Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to the â€Å"sanctity of life† the human life is really cherished and valuable and demanding regard from others and fear for oneself. Suicide is so incorrect because it violates our moral responsibility in honouring the value of life. The place of physician assisted self-destruction is a position of the deontological theory and the holiness of life. It would travel against the Hippocratic Oath that a physician takes when they receive their medical grade. This curse was created so that patients would be assured that their doctor is at that place for their best involvement and intend them no injury in any manner. It could even open up the door for noncritical patient self-destruction. One illustration would be patients that want to decease for emotional or psychological grounds. They may seek to convert their physicians to assist stop their life. The American Medical Association has been really vocal and influential on the subject of physician assisted self-destruction and has stated â€Å"that engagement is basically incompatible with a physician’s function as a healer† ( AMA. 1997. p. 290 ) . We need to maintain our values that we grew up with in cheque and retrieve there are things to populate for. We need to protect our morality and that of our physicians every bit good and maintain in head that there are other ways to decease with self-respect. Most faiths groups are against self-destruction and the Bible provinces that â€Å"Thou shall non kill† ( EXODUS 20:13 ) . so they would object to the construct of physician assisted self-destruction. Then there is the household and what they may or may non desire. In a short communicating. The sarcasm of back uping physician –assisted self-destruction: a personal history by Margaet Pabst Battin. In her sentiment it should be the pick of the person. She talks about the liberty statement and the clemency statement. Autonomy is a factor that has already been decided by our society in doing determinations on person stoping their life. The statement for clemency is that â€Å"no one should hold to endure from hurting or any other unbearable agony. where it can non be treated by agencies acceptable to the patient and is non embraced for the other grounds holding to make with values of import to that individual. even if this may intend stoping life† Battin. P. M. ( 2010 ) . As a society we have officially decided this when we let the authorities give the person the right to decline medical intervention. even for life prolonging interventions. With her hubby who had a bike accident November 2008 that paralyzed him had to be put on a vent ilator. Her idea was what if he wanted to decease. could she merely stand at that place while his ventilator was turned off. With her husband’s accident she said things changed and the issue of physician assisted self-destruction had become harder to believe about. It was non merely about terminally sick people any more. but it included her hubby now and she did non believe she could stand at that place and watch him be euthanized by his doctor. â€Å"A individual should be accorded the right to populate his or her life as they see fit ( provided. of class. that this does non significantly harm others ) . and that includes the really terminal of their life. † Battin. P. M. ( 2010 ) . There are a figure of complaints that result in slow agonising deceases such as certain types of malignant neoplastic disease. Doctors have old ages of preparation to hold adequate cognition and experience to cognize when a patient’s yearss are numbered. Just imagine months of purging and coughing losing control of organic structure maps and cramps of hurting. Would it non be more humanist to merely allow them take their ain life and do it the cardinal freedom of each single patient? Nowhere does it province in the fundamental law that the authorities has the right to maintain a individual from perpetrating self-destruction. If a patient or their household agrees with physician assisted suicide the authorities should remain out of it. The useful position of doctor assisted self-destruction would be whatever creates the greatest sum of good for the greatest figure of people is the moral thing to make. Physician aided self-destruction is one of Americas most profound ethical issues of our clip. If moral relativism was directing the quality of life moralss so physician assisted self-destruction would be advocated as a â€Å"light. † It has even been suggested that the lives of some people are non deserving life. and they should be encouraged. for the interest of themselves. household or society. to stop their lives. If person feels that they are traveling to be a load to their household or friend so they need to outline a life will saying what their wants are. They should compose out what they want every bit far as to their basic demands like nutrient. H2O. and pain medicine. They besides should hold a DNR ( do non revive ) papers to transport in their bag or billfold and one for their advocator to transport with them. They need an appointive advocator to be at that place in instance they can non show their demands. After so many deceases in my ain household I decided to do out mine and my husband’s life will. Our kids were non pleased with some of our determinations but I know that they love me adequate to honour our wants. Physician aided self-destruction is non a new issue but has been around for a really long clip and there are many options to physician aided self-destruction. The argument to stop a patient’s life still remains controversial. There are two rules on which all medical Fieldss agree is that physicians have an duty to alleviate their patient’s hurting and agony and to protect the self-respect of their death patient that is in their attention. There are concerns that our society will get down to see aided self-destruction as a legitimate manner of work outing all our hurting and agony. Merely one province in the United States has legalized physician assisted self-destruction. which is Organ and they have to follow certain regulations and makings before they can acquire aid from their doctor. There are many other states that do take part in physician assisted s elf-destruction and some doctors may make this without the patient even cognizing. that is why now citizens in the Netherlands carry a card that says Do Not Euthanize Me. Physician assisted self-destruction is non for everyone. but I think that we should esteem some 1s wants if they decide to stop their life. I am glad that I live in America and do non hold to worry about transporting a card that provinces do non kill me delight. My ma is from a big household and with this size of a household there will be decease. This twelvemonth we have had four deceases and the two that have affected me the most was my mas and a cousin that was about four old ages younger than me. My mom’s was a really emotional for my pa and us four childs and I will explicate it subsequently in this paper. The 1 that has truly made me halt and see my ain age and mortality is my cousin’s decease. Like my ma he fought for his life and in the terminal lost his conflict. He was burned on 80 nowadays of his organic structure when the gas oiler he was welding on blew up. He was medevac’d to Dallas Texas to the burn centre. The physician did non give the household any opportunity of him doing it through the dark and told them to believe about taking him off the life support. My uncle. aunt and his siblings said no to this but his married woman and two kids said yes because he was non reacting to anyone. The household came to a via media and waited boulder clay forenoon to do their determination. By forenoon he was antiphonal and cold keep his pollex up for yes and down for no. so the household left him on the life support. In the yearss to follow he was in a batch of hurting and after several skin bill of exchanges he got pneumonia. so his organic structure started to close down and the physician once more told them that it did non look good. And in the terminal his married woman and two kids decided to take him off of life support after he was unresponsive to any stimulation even though his parent were against the determination to convey some closing to a deceasing adult male. Even though I do non hold with physician assisted self-destruction it does non intend that there is a right or incorrect reply. Last April my female parent lost her conflict to populate and be with us. She fought till her organic structure was so hebdomad that when the physician went to set in a stretch to utilize to make dialyses on her she had a bosom onslaught. The physician put her on a ventilator because my male parent was non at that place. but in the waiting room where they had sent him. It was something he had promised my ma that he would non allow go on. We had a DNR in topographic point at the infirmary in our place town but non in the infirmary in Oklahoma City. It is something that merely fell through the cleft between place and the metropolis. When we eventually got to travel back in the room my pa cried and we had to watch as she laid there and pleaded with her eyes for us to make something. We had to wait for the physician to come in and speak to us before we could hold anything done. He explained that if we took her off the machine she would non last for more than 10 proceedingss but it was our pick to do. My pa set beside my ma and explained what the physician told us and asked her if she understood what he had said and she knotted her caput that she understood that if they took the ventilator off she would halt external respiration. We agreed with her determination and her last words to us were I Love you all. It is a difficult thing to hold to make so even though it is morally incorrect in most eyes and I do non believe anybody has a right to take a life there are merely some instances you can non be the justice and jury on. It may non hold been the moral thing to make but for our household it was the right thing to make for a married woman and female parent that had suffered through three bosom onslaughts and legion other surgeries. She said she was ready to travel place and that is where she is in Heaven. It has been hard on my pa but he is strong if non for his ego so for us childs. My parents would hold been married 50 old ages this month and we spent it with pa. So you can see that even though physician assisted self-destruction may be morally incorrect no 1 knows what they will make until they are faced with that sort of household state of affairs. The Godhead is our lone justice and I hope that he can see that she was ready to come place and that most patient’s in that state of affairs are merely looking for that all-time alleviation from hurting and heartache. I still think that doctor assisted self-destruction is incorrect and I am glad that it is non legal in our province. I think if the doctor has done everything that he can for his patient so he has done his occupation. In my mom’s instance he told us what would go on if he took away the external respiration machine and she did merely ha lt external respiration after about 10 proceedingss. As for my cousin I am glad that it was non my determination to do. I believe that the deontological theory is the 1 to utilize for my ideas about doctor assisted suicide. It states that the holiness of life is really cherished and valuable and demands respect from others and fear for oneself. That self-destruction is so incorrect because it violates our moral responsibility in honouring the value of life. So truly the inquiry should incurable patients be able to perpetrate physician assisted self-destruction. and with all the pros and cons of this argument possibly the determination should be up to the person. We and our Godhead are the lone 1s that know for certain how much each of us as persons can digest. So I say if you of all time find you self-faced with this issue delight take the clip and make a batch of praying before you decide to take some one’s life by aided self-destruction. Is it something you would desire for yourself? Mentions: Association. A. M. ( 1997 ) . AMA Council on Ethical and Judical Affairs. Codeof Medical Ethical motives: Current Opinions with Annotations. Chicago. Battin. M. P. ( 2010 ) . The sarcasm of back uping physician – assisted self-destruction: a personal history. Salt Lake City: Online. Coxon. A. ( 2001 ) . Ethical motives and Medicine. Highland Park: Bioethicss Press. Fieshein. J. ( 1997 ) . US Suprem Court regulations against physician – assisted self-destruction. The Lancet. 40. Mosser. K. ( 2010 ) . Ethical motives and Social Responsibility. Rogate. P. ( 2001 ) . The Virtues of Physician – Assisted Suicide.

Adult Learning Methodology

Adult Learning Methodology Andragogy Andragogy is an adult teaching methodology which developed from pedagology (the teaching methodology for children) (Rachal, 2002, p. 210). Before the introduction of the concept (andragogy), pedagogy was the only known teaching methodology. Andragogy was basically developed by a group of researchers to focus more on unique adult needs as opposed to the conventional child needs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Adult Learning Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In andragogy, there is a strong emphasis on process design as opposed to pedagology which focuses more on the content plan (Rachal, 2002, p. 210). With focus on process design, andragogy is basically aimed at designing and managing processes that are aimed at facilitating the acquisition of content by adult learners; but in the same manner, it also serves as a content resource for peers, supervisors and specialists. Andragogy was spec ifically started by a German educationist in 1833, but it is Malcolm Knowles, an American educational researcher, who essentially turned the learning methodology into a popular adult theory (Rachal, 2002, p. 210). However, in later years, Malcolm changed his stand on the adult theory and gave conflicting statements one whether the teaching paradigm was essentially meant for adults or could be applicable to children as well. This conflict of opinion essentially defines the controversy surrounding the use of andragogy as a unique adult teaching methodology. Considering andragogy basically defines the transition from a teacher-centered to a student-centered learning style, critics note that the shift could equally be beneficial to children, as much as it is for adults. This fact characterizes the conflict surrounding andragogy. Nonetheless, it is important to note that such concerns have been dispelled by the fact that proponents of the adult educational methodology were essentially ad ult teachers and they devised the theory to specifically apply to their unique student group (adults) (Rachal, 2002, p. 210). This makes the teaching methodology uniquely applicable to adult learners. The controversy surrounding andragogy is however not the essence of this study (but contributes to its understanding) because this study focuses more on the basis of the teaching paradigm in imparting knowledge to adult learners. In other words, this study will evaluate the teaching criteria behind its use.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The criteria to be evaluated essentially define the platform through which andragogy is implemented and the guidelines to which it is practiced. Comprehensively, this study will analyze the proffered criteria for its applicability and possible areas that may cause its failures (based on existing literature surrounding its use). Volunt ary Participation Andragogy has been traditionally known to be based on the ability of teachers to identify the right internal motivating factor among adult learners. However, Lindeman (1926) notes that instructors should not identify the internal motivation among adult learners if it is in form of professional advancement; however, this view has been disputed by other researchers such as Knowles (1980) who accepts professional career motivation as a form of personal motivational factor (only if it is not coercive). In other words, it is identified that voluntary participation among learners should not be based on material reward but rather on immaterial reward. From a comprehensive point of view, restricting voluntary participation in the context that only legitimate benefit of andragogy would be learning for its own sake (or for self actualization) is deemed a rather extreme limitation and it also goes contrary to what Knowles said when defining andragogy. Specifically Knowles (19 80) asserted that: Although it acknowledges that adults will respond to some external motivators-a better job, a salary increase, and the like-the andragogical model predicates that the more potent motivators are internal-self-esteem, recognition, better quality of life, greater self-confidence, self-actualization, and the like (p. 281). In a study done by Rachal (2002) to evaluate the motives of adult students to enroll in an adult educational program, it was established that their motives were not exactly internal. Interestingly, it was also affirmed that some of the subjects in the study were paid to join the educational program.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Adult Learning Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that adult learners are sometimes not driven by internal and personal factors but also by external and material factors. Current research studies have proposed more research to be done on non-credit continuing educational programs where there is a good environment to learn, and the students are not coerced in any manner, or motivated by unfamiliar factors to take part in educational programs (Rachal, 2002, p. 212). It is also predicted that in this type of situation, adult learners are bound to view the learning activity as essentially valuable to themselves as opposed to perceiving the experience (or enrolment to the educational program) as a mere means to an end (Rachal, 2002, p. 212). Adult Status In implementing the andragogy approach, it is recommended that an adult learning environment be provided to facilitate the learning process (Rachal, 2002, p. 212). More importantly, it is recommended that college environments, where many young college goers frequent should be avoided if andragogy is to be effectively undertaken. This is in line with Knowles’s view that andragogy is essential for adults and the students should not be subjected to an env ironment that seeks to compare them with another student group (young learners). To affirm his sentiments, Knowles (1980) explains that: â€Å"If a college setting is used, and traditional students are part of the study, it is very desirable to have four groups, including an adult andragogy and an adult pedagogy group. It is not desirable to have two groups where a combined group of adults and traditional students receives an andragogical treatment and a second combined group of adults and traditional students receives a pedagogical treatment, even when the adults are separated in the analysis† (p. 284). However, there is enough evidence to suggest that higher learning environments are quite beneficial to andragogical teaching, but it is more recommended that future studies should be done in scenarios where the environment is exclusively adult-centered (Rachal, 2002, p. 210).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering there is a high emphasis on adult environments (when referring to andragogy), there has consequently been an increased need to define adult environments and who an adult is in the first place. Rachal (2002) claims that an adult is a person who perceives himself or herself as an adult and has assumed the social and cultural responsibilities that are characteristic of adults. In the same manner, she also provides another criteria (where the above definitions lack) and defines an adult as a person who has attained a given age ceiling, say, 25 years (whichever is considered adult, considering the social definitions of an adult in a given community setting). Knowles’s (1980) definition of an adult is also congruent with the above definition because he defines adult education as activities intentionally engaged in for the purpose of bringing about learning among those whose age, social roles, or self-perception define them as adults (p. 215). This definition of an adult is important because andragogy is known to work best in environments that are exclusively adult-centred. Collaboratively Determined Objectives Environments that are critical to the adult learner and which the adult learner plays a vital role in the learning experience should be utilized when implementing andragogy (Rachal, 2002, p. 215). Contracts are one of the tools through which instructors and researchers have been advised to use to achieve the required learning purpose; however, there is no guarantee that such a strategy will work in all situations. Specifically drawn contracts which have a predetermined set of objectives for the adult learners are said to be bound to fail if an adult learner does not know the predetermined objectives in the first place (or if the objectives were not the learner’s main objectives of engaging in the learning experience in the first place). For instance, a course focusing on how to improve one’s saving plan would be congruent with a learner’s personal objectives, as well as the course’s objectives, and this could probably be the reason why a learner would enroll in the given course in the first place. Nonetheless, in situations where this scenario is not the case, it would mean that the instructor would have to collaborate with the learners and negotiate on their learning objectives (as regards what would exhibit a high level of competence for the instructor in the course of using the andragogy learning methodology). Langston (1990) seems to have met the criterion defining this standard when undertaking related research studies on his focus groups where the goal of the instructor or the competence expected of the instructor was second to the learner’s objectives. From this analysis, we can deduce the fact that andragogy works best in environments that are specifically determined by the learner’s objectives and not the instructors’ because it is affirmed that the learner shou ld have more say in the planning of the learning process. The ideal situation should however be when the learner’s and instructor’s objectives are similar (such as that defined in the savings plan example). Performance-Based Achievement Considering andragogy and many other learning theories are specifically based on competence and proficiency (in a given area of study); the will to measure the achievement level of the learners is inevitable. However, it should be understood that under andragogy, the assessment criterion should not resemble those of conventional learning styles because they should seem to be as low-threat as possible (Rachal, 2002, p. 216). In this regard, Knowles (1980) previously went ahead to establish a contract with a portfolio of evidence that specifically exposed the level of learner’s achievement (with regards to well determined learning objectives) but the criterion for carrying out such assessments needs to be mutually negotiated with t he learners and the instructors. The assessment criteria is normally based on the learner’s ability to particularly perform all the learnt content in a rather direct manner, which can be demonstrated by his or her ability to take and print a photograph, as opposed to a learner’s ability to take a paper-pencil test that evaluates how to take and print a photograph (the latter is indirect while the former is a direct assessment method). Studies undertaken by Clark (1991), with reference to assessment criteria (when using the andragogy approach), made use of a performance-based activity as a benchmark for performance where it was easily determined whether a person passed a given assessment test or not. Clark (1991) recommends that the appropriate performance criterion is to be designed in situations where the learner’s learning objective demonstrates a desired learning outcome. For instance, if an adult learner wants to acquire basic computer skills that would enab le him or her send and receive e mails without any assistance; the assessment criteria will be based on whether he or she is able to send and open emails without assistance. This kind of assessment is also what determines the â€Å"book test† approach from the practical knowledge expected of adult learners when the andragogy methodology is applied. With regards to standardized tests to assess adult learners, Knowles (1980, p. 12) cautions that tests often smack of childhood schooling to adult learners, and so should be used with caution and preferably with the participants full participation in the decision, administration and analysis†. Since standardized tests are not essentially recommended by Knowles (1980), he proposes the use of tailor-made tests, but he also expresses caution about this assessment criterion, noting that if instructors use it to compare two adult learners, it would not be in the spirit of andragogy. Unfortunately, most instructors have used this a ssessment criterion in this manner. On the contrary, Knowles, recommends that tailor-made assessment criteria should be used for purposes of the students’ own edification (with regards to the relative gains made in the entire learning process), and if it is possible, adult learners should be allowed to come up with their own assessment criteria in group or individual contexts. Measuring Satisfaction Many adult education activities have been faulted by many researchers as lacking the primary goal of attaining skills and expertise, but rather having the feeling to attain personal satisfaction. In this regard, there is enough evidence to suggest that many adult learners are increasingly participating in various learning activities, merely for the pleasure they derive from it. Since this trend is real, Rachal (2002) affirms that there is a strong need for instructors, using the andragogy approach, to measure the learner’s level of satisfaction in this light. Though this as sessment criterion is not basically recommended (if achievement is not the essential goal), satisfaction in the learning experience should be measured in virtually all spheres of the administration of andragogy because this is basically the primary reason most adult learners are likely to be influenced by when enrolling for learning. Andragogy instructors should therefore measure the variables related to the educational activity, but it is also recommended that they couple the same with the learner’s interests (Rachal, 2002). Conclusion This study identifies the need for adult education to be andragological because the methodology specifically appeals to the needs of adult learners. The above criteria, focused on the effective implementation of andragogy also specifically appeals to situational aspects which are unique to adult learning because the application of andragogy is in itself situational. More importantly, this study points out that andragogy appeals to the learnerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability, learner’s motivation, and the facilitative elements of the instructor in the entire learning process. These elements are the successive factors in adult learning and from the above analysis, they are also the basis through which andragogy is based on. The above criteria also seem to succinctly follow the precepts and ideals of Knowles, even though his recommendations and perception about andragoy and adult learning were criticized as idealistic. Nonetheless, it is an undeniable fact that adult learning, just like children learning, should be tailored towards the needs of the learner groups and this is what andragogy seeks to appeal to. Conversely, the issue of the appropriateness of andragogy in adult learning can be contrasted with its effectiveness. Pratt (1988) is also sympathetic to this view and affirms that the appropriateness of andragogy in adult education should be the primary focus of study for future researchers because efforts to understand the a ppropriateness of a given learning methodology would be fruitless if its effectiveness is not established. However, apart from acknowledging the importance of this analysis in this study; this issue would be a separate topic altogether. Comprehensively, we can see that andragogy is essentially based on unique adult needs and the above mentioned criteria act as the blueprint for its implementation. References Clark,J. A. (1991). Self-directed learning skills and clinical performance: A comparison of traditionally taught and learning contract-taught nursing students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51(07), 2236A. Knowles, M. S. (1980). The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Cambridge. Langston, L. C. (1990). Self-directed learning, achievement, and satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Texas AM University, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50(12), 3824A. Lindeman, E. C. (1926). The Meaning of Adult Education. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education. Pratt, D. D. (1988). Andragogy as a relational construct. Adult Education Quarterly, 38,  160-172. Rachal, J. (2002). Andragogys Detectives: A Critique of the Present and a Proposal for the Future. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(3), 210-227.

How has the cultural identity of China responded to and adapted to Essay

How has the cultural identity of China responded to and adapted to contact with foreigners - Essay Example Evidently, this goes to show that despite the achieved modernization of China in its economic, socio-political state of affairs, among others, it proved to the world that it has truly maintained its cultural identity. Maybe one inquisitive critic would like to know the factors how China kept its culture through all these years amidst the salient events that led to the great transformation of China from what it was before, having a weak economy, to what it has become today, a sprawling economic giant in East Asia and these are the issues which this paper intends to present. China’s achievements all these years may be traced from a number of significant events in its history that involved politics, culture and economic reforms that shaped China’s destiny and these can be viewed separately in four phases. First phase involved Ancient China. In its early beginnings, China started to be governed by feudalism and monarchy altering one dynasty after another. In fact, â€Å"it was the Han dynasty which was considered the East Asian counterpart of and contemporary of Rome’s golden age rule† (Cultural Essentials 2004). â€Å"Ruling China for more than 400 years was reasonable enough to expect that it left lasting legacies in China and to the world like the invention of the first ‘paper’ and the adoption of Confucianism. ... â€Å"This probably explains why it was so difficult then for China to accept modernization.† (Wu, J. n.d.). It was also during the â€Å"four decades of Mao Tse Tung’s rule and his declaration of ‘self-reliance’ marked the deepest period of withdrawal from the international economy.† (Schenk 2006). â€Å"Contacts with the outside world were treated as risks to come with political destabilization; economic exploitation and cultural subversion thus, must be totally restricted and regulated† (Harding 1993). It took so many years for the traditional China to keep its state of affairs closed from the Western world. The third phase begins with Western intrusion to China’s affairs whereby there were sporadic internal uprisings opposing to foreign encroachments, for example the â€Å"Opium Rebellion in 1839-1842† (Ebrey, 1993) and â€Å"Boxer Rebellion in 1900† (Rosenberg 2013). â€Å"Milestones also occurred between 1899-1900 w hen US Secretary of State John Hay first initiated the ‘Open Door Policy’ through Notes†( US Department of State, n.d.) which actually was a scuttle for concessions in China, so to speak ,among superpowers. This was also the period of Cultural Revolution as well as the momentum when China opted to adopt new economic and political reforms. The fourth phase is Contemporary China. Presently, China sprawls as the largest country in East Asia dealing with approximately almost â€Å"1.4 Billion people† (China: World Statistics 2013). Finally, it was during â€Å"the era of Deng Xiaoping that changed the course of the world by steering China’s class-oriented revolutionary struggle into tangible, economic development† (Chihua & Lin 2007). â€Å"Actually, it was considered a period of sustained reforms under his leadership† (Kau &

Reading Recount Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Recount - Case Study Example In most instances, different business managements believe that businesses remain profitable when they merge with other businesses, with both operating successfully. Contrary to this projection, many mergers usually end up failing, an aspect that has brought about substantive controversies between the emerging businesses. During the planning phases of projected merges, the involved parties usually concentrate mainly on the aspects pertaining to profitability the merger would bring about to both organizations without giving ado to differences exhibited by the organizations. Lack of this consideration has contributed significantly to poor performance for the merging organizations. In the case study: An Experimental Approach,† the authors bring into perspective the aspects contributing towards the failures of mergers between different organizations. In the case study, one critical aspect addressed by the authors is the idea that cultural difference plays a substantive role towards the failures experienced by different businesses involved in a merger, despite each having experienced success as individual entities. In such a prospect, it is evident that most businesses planning to get into mergers, only concentrate on aspects pertaining to profits while ignoring while ignoring other important aspects pertaining to successful mergers. In spite of the individual entities realizing success, mergers are usually associated with great failure right from of the onset of the merger.

The India-Pakistan Relationship

The India-Pakistan Relationship India Pakistan relationship has been marred with conflict ever since their independence and both the nations have been involved in three major wars till date in1947-48, 1965 and 1971. In 1998, both countries conducted nuclear tests to enter the nuclear powered nations club. This led a few number of experts to profess that the nuclear deterrence would lead to stabilization of conflict in the sub continent and result in establishment of peace. This kind of deterrence was witnessed by the world for the second time, the first being nuclear deterrence between the cold war foes of NATO and Warsaw Pact countries and to be more specific the US and USSR. Experts from the field of international relations who applied the theories developed in the cold war era Europe to the South Asian rivalry professed that the chances of conventional conflict using regular forces are a thing of the past in case of these two nations. This theory was further reinforced by the Kargil war and the standoff subsequ ent to the attack on Indian Parliament in 2001. In 1999 Pakistan occupied a large number of posts after crossing the LOC in the Kargil sector, threatening the crucial Srinagar Leh highway using regular troops in the guise of Mujahids. The Indian Army reacted to the situation by regrouping and launching Operation Vijay, and started to recapture the posts by forcibly removing Pakistani troops occupying the posts. This operation was also accompanied by a full scale mobilisation of its military forces by India; however despite the tough posturing by India the war remain limited to the Kargil sector. This was primarily because of tremendous pressure mounted by the international community, especially the US fearing that this conflict may escalate to a nuclear plain. In 2001 the same massive mobilisation was witnessed by both the countries when they had their forces deployed against each other ready for combat. This time in December 2001 following the attack on the Indian parliament by a group of militants trained in Pakistan. The situation reached a flash point when on 14 May 2002, when another terrorist attack on the Indian Army camp in Kaluchak threatened to start a war between the two nuclear neighbours. In this instance also, as seen in Operation Vijay, India despite posturing did not take any punitive offensive action against Pakistan despite having all its forces in a completely mobilized state. The above incidents did reflect a situation where in Pakistan had effectively used the nuclear deterrence to attain strategic parity with India negating a conventional disadvantage and thus supposedly giving it immunity to conduct sub conventional operations without the fear of any retribution. Thus India to face major challenges in conducting sub conventional spectrum in Kashmir, which Pakistan initiated after covertly attaining the nuclear technology in the late 1980s. Its conventional strength negated, and with no option to retaliate India find itself in a position where it will have to work its way around this nuclear parity, so as to be able to stifle the Pakistan supported terrorism. Therefore, we need to carefully study the nuclear capability and doctrine of Pakistan in conjunction with the theories of nuclear deterrence, to work out ways for India to exploit its massive conventional superiority by utilizing it to escalate the conflict spectrum, such that it remains under the level of Total War. METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM To analyze nuclear deterrence in India Pakistan relations. Explore the possibility of use of conventional forces by India to counter the sub conventional threat faced from Pakistan, while avoiding a nuclear war. HYPOTHESIS Having attained nuclear capability Pakistan has been acting with a presumption that Indias conventional superiority has been totally negated by the nuclear symmetry and has encouraged the Pakistani military elite to intensify the ongoing Proxy War in Jammu and Kashmir. This has had catastrophic consequences for India, which though enjoying substantial conventional superiority, is unable to use it to counter Pakistans sub conventional threat. It is therefore important to study the interaction between conventional and nuclear deterrence on the India Pakistan relations and generate credible conventional responses to the sub conventional conflict India finds itself embroiled in Jammu and Kashmir. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Indian armed forces along with paramilitary forces are deeply committed in counterinsurgency operations in Jammu Kashmir, which is fallout of the sub conventional operations by Pakistan in the state. This has been possible due to the fact, that Pakistan has been able to achieve strategic parity with India by attaining nuclear capability which affords it certain degree of immunity from direct retaliation through conventional means by Indian forces. Off late, the thought process in higher echelons of Indian leadership has been to ascertain What should be Indias response, should Pakistan continue with its sub conventional campaign? While a majority of international relation theorists who studied the nuclear deterrence during the cold war, suggest that the likelihood of a conventional conflict between two nuclear armed rivals are slim, as it leads to a situation of mutually assured destruction (MAD). However, it would be injudicious to apply these theories in their entirety in the Indo Pak context, as the conditions and realties that exist in South Asia are considerably different than that of the cold war. Thus there exists a window for vertical escalation of the ongoing sub conventional engagement which is below the nuclear threshold. This would however depend on Pakistans response to a conventional threat, as it the weaker party. Thus any suggested response for India should also carefully consider the Pakistani nuclear capability and doctrine as well, so as to work out practical options for use of conventional military and allow India to effectively counter its asymmetric threat. This study is thus aimed at ascertaining the possibility of a conventional war between India and Pakistan without it getting escalated to a total war. SCOPE The paper concentrates on analysing the effect of nuclear deterrence on India and Pakistan relations, applicability of various international relation theories on this relationship and possibility of use of conventional forces by India as counter to proxy war waged by Pakistan while staying below the nuclear threshold. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION The methodology employed in this investigation to gather information and data was as follows: Scanning of literature on nuclear capability and doctrines of India and Pakistan. Study of various International Relation theories worked out to explain the superpower relations during the cold war. Scanning various articles and books by authors concerning the nuclear situation in South Asia. A bibliography of sources studied and referred has been appended at the end of the text. ORGANISATION OF THE DISSERTATION (CHAPTERISATION) The dissertation has been carried out in the following parts:- Chapter I Introduction. The background, introduction to the subject and methodology will be covered in this chapter. Chapter II Deterrence In Context Of India Pakistan Relations. This chapter will cover the theoretical aspects of deterrence and its applicability in the context of India Pakistan relationship. Chapter III Nuclear Peace Hypothesis : Manifestation in India Pakistan Relations. This chapter will study the hypothesis of nuclear peace as propounded by academic experts of international relations and analyse the India Pakistan relations in its light. Chapter IV Pakistans Nuclear Weapons Capability And Command Control Setup. This chapter deals with the nuclear weapons capability that Pakistan possesses, to include its weapon system and delivery platforms, as well as the nuclear command and control setup. Chapter V Nuclear Weapon Use by Pakistan : Probability and Scenarios. This chapter will concentrate on the probability of nuclear weapon use by Pakistan and the various scenarios in which they are likely to be used. Chapter VI Options Available To India For Use Of Conventional Forces. This chapter will study the options available with India to use conventional force to deter Pakistan from undertaking sub conventional operations in Kashmir. Chapter VII Conclusion. The conclusion of the paper and appropriate recommendations will be made in this chapter. CHAPTER II DETERRENCE IN CONTEXT OF INDIA PAKISTAN RELATIONS We will not prematurely or unnecessarily risk the costs of worldwide nuclear war in which even the fruits of victory would be ashes in our mouth. John F. Kennedy The word deterrence comes from the latin verb deterree, which means to frighten. It is an attempt to influence how and what an enemy thinks and does  [1]  . Thus deterrence is a state of mind that prevents a deterree from acting in a way a deterror considers harmful. In a simplistic form, deterrence is a crucial factor in the mind of someone trying to decide the benefits of executing a crime versus the likelihood and consequences of getting caught  [2]  . The success or failure of deterrence also depends upon how the message is conveyed by the deterror to the deterree. In order to elucidate this aspect, the situation before the two Gulf Wars needs to be considered and understood which highlights the importance of how the deterrence message is framed and understood, as well as how disastrous it can be to fail to understand the thinking of the other side. Before Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the US diplomatic and political positioning was such that it failed to give a clear message that it would react strongly to any Iraqi invasion. Hence failure to clearly convey deterrence between the sides, ultimately lead to the war. The example brings into play the lesser known twin of deterrence which is compellance  [3]  . Deterrence can also be defined as the prevention of action for fear of the consequences, brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction. Thus, it is designed to prevent something. Compellance on the other hand involves threat of consequences designed to cause the other party to reverse or to stop carrying out some unwanted action or activity, which has already occurred, the result is war. Similar analysis could be applied to the Cuban Missile Crisis, where initial misunderstandings lead to the failure of both deterrence and compellance. One could also use the word coercion to cover both deterrence and compellance. Another associated question  [4]  with the concept of deterrence which arises is How much is enough? Since deterrence is essentially a psychological phenomenon, it is not surprising that how much punishment is sufficient to deter another state, which has always been a controversial and an elastic standard. Types of Military Deterrence Military deterrence are of two kinds defensive (conventional) and by punitive (nuclear)  [5]  . Effective deterrence is a matter of convincing an opponent that certain harm to him will accompany the act one wishes to deter. Thus it amounts to the imposition of a calculus of risk and value on an opponent, such that the value of the act sought to be deterred does not exceed the risk, which is an assessment of the likelihood and the extent of harm. For deterrence to succeed, the enemy has to be persuaded that the deterror has the capacity to act, in a manner that it inflicts greater cost than the advantages to be won by attaining the objective, and that it would actually undertake the act if it is required to. However if the deterror takes the threat of retaliation into account, he can no longer deter all objectionable acts. Thus making it obligatory on the deterror to distinguish between those objectives of indispensable value such as national survival, and objects of relatively l ess importance/value. While in the overall gambit of geopolitics there are large number of instruments of state power which work to deter an adversary, to include but not limited to, political, economic, diplomatic, military power. However in purely military terms deterrence is of two types:- Conventional Deterrence. This is the deterrence accrued by a nation owing to it possessing a higher military strength, which would mean quality and quantity of hardware as well as trained military force. This spectrum of military power will include land, air and naval forces. This type of deterrence can be easily achieved by the nation which has a larger resource base both in terms of population as well as economic capital. Therefore, in a bilateral conflict the country which is larger in size tends to be the nation which generally has more deterrent potential (militarily), as it is assumed that it can not only maintain a larger force but would also be able to sustain the conflict much longer. Nuclear Deterrence. This is the deterrence accrued by a nation when it possesses a nuclear weapon, and is studied separately because nuclear weapon exchange is likely to have such substantial effect to both the parties that it would force any nation irrespective of its size to ponder on the effects of such an engagement, hence forcing the dilemma of cost-benefit ratio in the minds of leaders of both the sides. Thus a weaker/smaller nation which faces a superior nation always opts for a nuclear deterrence, as was evident after the end of the Second World War, wherein the United States laid emphasis on developing its nuclear arsenal to counter the numerical superiority of the erstwhile USSR. Nuclear deterrence theory consists of six key elements  [6]  , which have to be satisfied to be of any effect, these are:- The assumption of a very severe conflict. The assumption of rationality. The concept of retaliatory threat. The concept of unacceptable damage. The notion of credibility. The notion of deterrence stability. Conventional Deterrence in Relation of India Pakistan India as a nation possesses all ingredients to effectively deter Pakistan in as far as conventional deterrence is concerned. However, this was not always the case, as after independence being of roughly comparable size both in economic and military strengths, India had limited deterrent capability. Although India did enjoy numerical superiority in its armed forces it was hardly sufficient to act as a deterrent for its new neighbour, coupled with the fact that Pakistani military leadership wrongly hypothesised that there soldier were better than their Indian counterparts and any advantage accrued due to numerical superiority was more than compensated. Their belief of superiority was further fortified when as part of its alliance with the US they received technologically advanced weaponry hence achieving qualitative edge over India. This myth carried by the Pakistani elite for a considerable period of time, manifested in the various wars which the two nations have since fought. However this misconception of its superior relative strength came crashing on the Pakistani leadership in 1971 when facing the full potential of the Indian military, it was not only defeated convincingly but also lead to it being bifurcated. Post 1971 there was no conventional conflict as India successfully deterred Pakistan, which till then was always the aggressor. This deterrence that India possessed was for the following reason:- Conventional superiority of the Indian military infrastructure both as quantitatively well as qualitatively. Economic superiority, considering the size of Indian economy vis-à  -vis that of Pakistan. Diplomatic strength wherein India had a larger clout in the comity of nations including Islamic states, being considered a peace loving nation which is actively involved in various international forums. Effectiveness of Conventional Deterrence Against Pakistan India Pakistan relationship is going through a period during which no conventional conflict has occurred between them for a long time. However, this period does not signify that of peace as India has been facing a heightened level of sub conventional threat in Kashmir from Pakistan. So the question which arises is that has India been able to achieve effective deterrence against Pakistan or not? The extent and severity of the sub conventional threat that India faced in Kashmir is clearly brought out by the figure 1. FIGURE 1 : FATALITY LEVELS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR  [7]   The details given above make it clearly evident that though India may have deterred a conventional conflict but the same may not hold true for the sub conventional spectrum. This can be attributed to the attainment of nuclear weapons capability by Pakistan as the threat of conventional conflict reduced Pakistan adopted an aggressive policy of sub conventional operations against India  [8]  . Thus providing a political lever to the Pakistani ruling class to be exploited in international as well as national arena, while reducing the efficacy of Indian Army by embroiling it in asymmetric warfare leading to a classical case of Stability Instability Paradox, which is defined as under:- To the extent that the military balance is stable at the level of all out nuclear war, it will become less stable at lower levels of violence  [9]  . Another expert elaborates; nuclear weapons can generate risk taking because they presumably provide an insurance policy against escalation  [10]  . 23. Hence it is pertinent to note that while India enjoys substantial conventional deterrence the same seems to be ineffective when faced with a nuclear adversary which is undertaking a sub conventional operation against it. Therefore, a thorough analysis would be necessary to ascertain whether India can utilize its conventional superiority and come out of the stability-instability logjam, thus leading to the end of strife in Kashmir. The only example which can be studied to derive suitable future courses of action would be the nuclear deterrence between the NATO and the Warsaw pact countries during the cold war. This nuclear relationship was studied extensively and a number of international relation theories formalized to explain the interaction between the two parties. The most prominent of these hypotheses, forwarded by international relations experts, in as far as conflict involving nuclear states are concerned is the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis which may shed some light on the stat us of the current relations between India and Pakistan. However the theories evolved in a different set of situations may not be fully applicable to India Pakistan relations and thus require suitable modifications to be relevant. And is it possible, at least theoretically, for India to escalate the conflict to conventional level. CHAPTER III NUCLEAR PEACE HYPOTHESIS : MANIFESTATION IN INDIA PAKISTAN RELATIONS No explanation for the current strategic situation is satisfactory without a definition of the nuclear situation; no definition of the nuclear situation is possible without knowledge of the laws that rule deterrence. Andre Beaufre Do nuclear weapons reduce the probability of war? From the starting days of the nuclear weapon development, proponents of nuclear deterrence argued that these weapons have the capacity to reduce the probability of conventional war resulting in what may be called as the Nuclear Peace. Studying the dynamics of the Cold War, some scholars have argued that this is indeed what happened. Despite large number of crises and several proxy wars, the US and USSR avoided a direct military confrontation as both feared an escalation to a nuclear plain. They suggest that unlike conventional deterrence, nuclear deterrence is extremely robust because even irrational or unintelligent leaders are likely to recognize the exceedingly high cost of nuclear war. Therefore, proponents of nuclear deterrence claim with a high degree of confidence that the probability of major war among states having nuclear weapons approaches zero. Although Cold War was fierce but it never did escalate to World War III. Indeed, some experts argue that Cold War can be thought of as the Long Peace. And despite the collapse of Eastern Block and the end of Cold War the relative period of peace continues. However, other forms of warfare (sub conventional, asymmetric warfare, etc.) have been seen in various parts of the world but no major war has broken out. So what is responsible for the absence of major wars between great powers after WWII? The three main schools of international relations (IR) theorists have each offered answers to this question  [11]  . Neo-Liberalism. As per Neo-liberals democracy, trade and international organizations are the key causes of peace. Constructivism. While constructivists view democracy, trade, and international organizations as important factors, argue that the main facilitator of the Long Peace are the evolving norms and the social construction of identity. Neo-realism. They attribute peace during the Cold War to bipolarity and nuclear deterrence. Robert Rauchhaus has quantitatively evaluated the nuclear peace hypothesis and his findings indicate that the impact of nuclear weapons is more complicated than is conventionally appreciated  [12]  . He further theorizes that when nuclear asymmetry exists between two states, a greater chance of military disputes and war exists. In contrast, when there is symmetry and both states possess nuclear weapons, then the odds of war drop drastically. When combined, these findings provide support for the existence of the stability instability paradox. Evidence suggests that while nuclear weapons promote strategic stability, they simultaneously allow for more risk-taking in lower intensity disputes. He thus gives out the following hypotheses:- Hypothesis 1. The probability of major war between two states will decrease if both states possess nuclear weapons  [13]  . Hypothesis 2. The probability of crisis initiation and limited uses of force between two states will increase when both states possess nuclear weapons  [14]  . Hypothesis 3. The probability of major war between two states will decrease or remain constant if one state possesses nuclear weapons  [15]  . Hypothesis 4. The probability of lower level conflicts will decrease or remain the same if one state possesses nuclear weapons  [16]  . Applicability of Nuclear Peace Hypothesis in India Pakistan Relations Having studied the various nuclear peace hypotheses, it will be clear that the first two would be applicable in the context of India Pakistan relations, as both countries are nuclear states. These hypotheses do hold considerably well, when we see them in relation to India Pakistan conflict, the same has been discussed in subsequent sub paragraphs:- Hypothesis 1. The probability of major war between two states will decrease if both states possess nuclear weapons  [17]  . Relations between India and Pakistan have repeatedly reached flashpoints wherein they were dangerously close to an all out war ( Kargil 1999, Op Parakaram 2001) but they somehow manged to avoid escalating the conflict into an open war, hence maintaining strategic peace. This hypothesis may also apply to the pre 1998 era where in both the nations had acquired nuclear capability but had still not come out in open. India although having conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 is said to have acquired operational capability only in early 1980s, while Pakistan is said to have attained the capability somewhere between 1986 and 1990. Hypothesis 2. The probability of crisis initiation and limited uses of force between two states will increase when both states possess nuclear weapons  [18]  . If we study the trend of sub conventional operations by Pakistan in Kashmir it would be clearly evident that the same was initiated by Pakistan on covertly acquiring the nuclear capability during the period mentioned  [19]  and then again given a fresh impetus after the 1998 nuclear tests. Thus it may be theorised, that Pakistan has used nuclear deterrence to negate Indias conventional superiority, while engaging in a sub conventional conflict. This hypothesis is also called the Stability Instabilty Paradox which was first discussed in detail by Mr Snyder in an essay in 1965. The situation is such that terrorism has become the foremost issue, which divides India and Pakistan  [20]  . And while a cursory study of the above hypotheses may lead one to conclude that the probability of fighting a conventional war is bleak, it must be understood that though the hypothesis says that a major war is unlikely between India Pakistan, a major war is defined as when one of the nation wants to completely subject the other to its will  [21]  . This is in contrast the thinking of the present military leadership, which misunderstands it with any conflict in which conventional forces are used. Thus as per the hypothesis a repeat of 1971 war may be unfeasible, but a repeat of 1965 may be a possibility, till the time the aims of the conflict are limited and both the parties are clearly aware of the same. This does have a historical example, the Sino-Soviet dispute of 1968, where both the sides had nuclear capability but since the aims of the war were limited neither parties used a nuclear weapon even when faced with an adverse outcome. Therefore there is a case for India to utilise its conventional forces, to counter the Pakistan initiated proxy war, by initiating a punitive limited objective war with Pakistan, with the sole aim of deterring it from continuance of the sub conventional war in Kashmir. Applicability of Cold War International Theories in South Asia While there may have been the Long Peace during the cold war because of nuclear deterrence, but is it applicable to the Indo Pak relation? The answer to this question is more likely to be negative for the following reasons  [22]  :- While Pakistans security concern is India centric, those of India extend beyond South Asia. Thus the relation is not a standalone interaction but is subject to pressures from external factors, which are unpredictable. This is contrary to the relation dynamics of the cold war. India Pakistan also do not enjoy the same degree of independence of action, as was available to the US and USSR. This is due to the fact that, unlike the cold war rivals who were at the top of the power hierarchy, India and Pakistan will be subject to interference/influence in their policy and decision making processes. Geographical proximity of the two countries is also a facet which did not exist in the cold war and thus both countries will be affected by wind movements and fallout in case of a nuclear attack on the other. However, the foremost reason for non applicability of the theories in South Asia is because unlike the cold war where both the sides were led by satisfied powers i.e. the powers had accepted the status quo in Europe which was concretized by the Helsinki process, Pakistan is a revisionist state. Wherein Pakistan wants to change the status quo in South Asia w.r.t. Kashmir  [23]  . However to postulate feasibility for use of conventional forces for punitive action against Pakistan, it would be prudent to study Pakistans nuclear capabilities and command control setup besides the international relation theories. are feasible not only as per international relations theories but also practical in view of the nuclear weapons capability that Pakistan possesses and the nuclear command control structure it has in place to use a nuclear weapon against India. This is because to have an extremely low nuclear threshold, as Pakistan professes to have, it requires certain capabilities and infrastructure to be in place which is still deficient. Hence it is necessary to study the nuclear capability and command control setup of Pakistan. CHAPTER IV PAKISTANS NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAPABILITY AND COMMAND CONTROL SETUP Deterrence is greatest when military strength is coupled with the willingness to employ it. It is achieved when one sides readiness to run risks in relation to the other is high; it is least effective when the willingness to run risks is low, however powerful the military capability. Henry Kissinger The foundation for the India Pakistan conflict is complex, Pakistans fears about India are not only because of the imbalance of power and Indian ambition for regional power status, but also because of the pre Partition conflict and divergent ideas of nationalism  [24]  . Since independence the relations between the two countries have never been normal or even